What is the effect of high levels of manganese in drinking water?

High levels of manganese in drinking water primarily impact the aesthetic quality of the water. Manganese can impart a brown or black coloration to water and affect its taste, which may lead to consumer complaints. Although manganese is an essential nutrient in small amounts, concentrations above certain levels can result in undesirable sensory characteristics that make water less appealing to drink.

While manganese can pose potential health risks at very high levels, the immediate concern for most water consumers revolves around the visual and taste aspects, thus classifying it under aesthetic quality. It is important for water utilities to monitor and manage manganese levels to maintain both safety and customer satisfaction.